語態 時態 主動 被動 現在分詞 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having donehaving been done 過去分詞 done 從上表中可看出,現在分詞的一般式和完成式各有主動式和被動式,而過去分詞只有一種形式,現在分詞和過去分詞在用法上的區別為前者表示正在進行的主動動作,后者表示已經完成的被動動作,而現在分詞一般式的被動式和完成式的被動式則表示分詞在作狀語時,分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語之間的關系(這一點將在“分詞的用法”中講到)。現在分詞一般式表示動作與謂語動詞動作幾乎同時發生,而現在分詞完成式則表示動作在謂語動詞之前已經發生或完成,如上述例句中“飛機取消在我們決定乘坐火車之前”,即having been canceled的動作發生在謂語動詞decided之前。另外,分詞在作狀語前提下,現在分詞完成式的被動式即having been done等同于過去分詞done, 所以上述例句中如果有canceled選項同為正確選項,等同于D選項having been canceled。
例句: The ruling party could even lose its majority in the lower house of parliament, starting a period of prolonged struggling.(starting所表示動作與lose所表示動作幾乎同時發生) (2000年第13題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞starting a period of prolonged struggling在句中作狀語,表示原因,相當于because the ruling party started...。
譯文: 由于開始了一場持久之戰,執政黨可能會失去下議院大多數議員的支持。
例句: Having been robbed of economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.(having been robbed of在are not likely to count for的動作之前已經發生) (1998年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。Having been robbed of economic importance在句中作狀語,表示原因,由于它與主語those states之間是被動關系,所以使用現在分詞完成式的被動式,相當于because those states have been robbed of...。
譯文: 失去了經濟上的重要地位,那些國家也就不會在國際政治事務中舉足輕重。
例句: Walking along the street, I saw a high building.(walking和saw的動作幾乎同時發生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語Walking along the street在句中作狀語,表示時間,相當于when I was walking...。
譯文: 當我沿著馬路走時,看見一座高樓。
例句: Having done his homework, the boy went to bed with his little brother.(having done 在went to的動作之前已經發生)
分析: 該句是簡單句。分詞短語Having done his homework在句中作狀語,表示時間,相當于after the boy had finished...。
例句: How many of us attending(=who are attending), say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
分析: 該句是復合句。主干部分為How many of us would be interesed in the discussion。 that is irrelevant to us是修飾a meeting的定語從句, say作插入語,可譯為“比方說”, attending... a meeting作定語修飾us。
譯文: 假如我們參加了一個與我們無關的會議,有多少人會對討論感興趣呢?
例句: It is easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place(=which takes place)in our ever?changing world.
(1999年第3題)
分析: 該句是復合句。it是形式主語,to blame the decline of...是真正的主語,分詞短語taking place in our ever?changing world修飾changes。
例句: On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
(2008年第48題)
分析: 該句是復合句。在英語中,謂語動詞后如果跟了篇幅較長的賓語,往往會將賓語補足語前置到賓語前面。此句的正常語序是:he(主語)+did not accept(謂語)+the charge(賓語)as well。本句中,分詞短語made by some of his critics修飾charge,that引導的是一個同位語從句在說明和解釋charge,其中又包含了一個while引導的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 另一方面,某些人批評他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力,而他認為這種說法也是缺乏根據的。
例句: The emphasis on data gathered first?hand (=which have been gathered), combined with (which have been combined with) a cross?cultural perspective brought to (= which has been brought to) the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(2003年第 63題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。主干部分為The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science, a unique and distinctly important social science在句中作賓語this study的補足語,gathered first?hand及combined with a cross?cultural perspective作定語修飾data, brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作定語修飾perspective。
例句: Mrs. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store. (1996年第23題)
分析: 該句是復合句。who comes to the store是修飾everyone的定語從句,短語be acquainted with sb.意思為“與某人相識,熟悉”。
譯文: 格林女士住在城里僅一年,可是,她似乎認識來到這個商店的每一個人。
例句: Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been pursuing the goal of a practical and economical way to use sunlight to split water molecules. (1996年第25題)
分析: 該句是簡單句。介詞短語of a practical and economical way作定語修飾goal,不定式to split water molecules作狀語表示目的。
譯文: 全世界幾十個科學團體一直在尋求利用太陽光分解水分子既實用而又經濟的方法。
例句: Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy?s long?term prospects even as they do some modest belt?tightening. (選自2004年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復合句。they remain optimistic about...在句中作say的賓語從句,even as they do some modest belt?tightening是一讓步狀語從句。